Effects of Hypertension on Heart
The effects of hypertension (high blood pressure) on heart are very profound and hypertension is a risk factor for all clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. Hypertension is also an independent predisposing factor for heart failure, coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, renal (kidney) disease, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Causes of changes in the heart due to hypertension:
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How to Prevent Cluster Headache
Prevention of cluster headache (and any other disease) is very important. Many drugs are available for prevention of cluster headache and the choice of drug/drugs for prevention depends on many factors like the length of bouts of cluster headache. Patients with long bouts or patients with chronic cluster headache require medicines that are safe because they need to be taken for long periods.
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Treatment of Cluster Headache
Cluster headache is a rare form of primary with excruciating type of pain (generally felt behind the eyeballs), which are non-fluctuating and explosive in nature and most important being the periodicity of the headache (typical cluster headache generally has a bout or two attacks of headache every day for 8-10 week per year). The most important aspect of treatment of cluster headache is administration of drugs to prevent cluster attacks until the bout is over and it gives satisfactory result.
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Know about Cluster Headache
Cluster headache is a type of primary headache and very rare (with a frequency of less than 0.1%). Cluster headache is more common in men in compare to women (3 times more common in men then women). The head pain is generally deep, excruciating in nature, retro-orbital (pain is felt behind the eyeballs), which is non-fluctuating, and explosive in nature. The main and classical clinical feature of cluster headache is its periodicity and in typical cases of cluster headache, head pain (cluster bouts as described above) occur (recurs) at least once a day at the same time of the day and for the same duration.
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What is Hypertension?
Before we define hypertension or high blood pressure (BP), we should know what blood pressure is. Blood pressure can be defined as “the lateral pressure that is exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels”. But it is very difficult to define hypertension or blood pressure that should be truly considered as ‘high’ as there is no cut off mark of blood pressure which indicates as high blood pressure. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), done on more than 350,000 male participants, demonstrated a continuous and graded influence of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure on CHD (coronary heart disease) mortality, extending down to systolic blood pressures of 120 mmHg. So, systolic blood pressure of more than 120 mmHg can be considered as hypertension. The risk of cardiovascular disease doubles for every 20-mmHg increase in systolic and 10-mmHg increase in diastolic pressure.
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Treatment of Tension-Type Headache
The term tension-type headache is used to describe head pain syndromes which cause bilateral and tight discomfort like feeling in the head. Tension-type headache may be chronic or episodic in nature. The severity of headache varies. In chronic tension-type headache the pain is usually present for more that 15 days a month. The pain of tension-type headache can be managed in maximum of patients with simple analgesics (pain killers) like acetaminophen (paracetamol), aspirin or NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs) like ibuprofen, diclofenac etc. In many patients with tension-type headache, behavioral therapy like relaxation techniques gives satisfactory results.
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Tension-Type Headache
Tension-type headache (TTH) is a term generally used to describe a chronic head-pain (headache) syndrome characterized by bilateral tight, band like discomfort. The head pain generally begins and builds slowly, which fluctuates in severity, and may persist continuously for several days. The headache may be episodic or chronic (chronic means headache is present for more then15 days per month). Tension-type headache is generally not accompanied by features such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, osmophobia, throbbing of head, and aggravation of headache with movement.
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Evaluation of Headache
Headache like any other pain usually occurs due to stimulation of nerve endings in response to tissue injury, visceral distension, or other factors. The structure that are involved in headache are the large intracranial vessels and dura mater, the peripheral terminals of the trigeminal nerve that innervate these structures (intracranial vessels and dura mater), the pain modulatory systems in the brain that receive input from trigeminal nociceptors and the caudal portion of the trigeminal nucleus.
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Understanding Headache
Headache is one of the commonest problems why patients seek medical attention. The cause of headache is very difficult to find in many cases and it makes it difficult to treat. Diagnosis and treatment of headache is based on careful clinical examination (including careful history, and physical examination) that is augmented by an understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the nervous system pathways that mediate the various types of headaches.
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